Object Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to represent and manipulate data. Objects are instances of classes, which are templates for creating objects. Classes define the properties and behaviors of objects, and objects can be created, updated, and deleted based on those properties and behaviours.

Here's a simple tutorial on how to implement object-oriented programming in Python:

1. Define a class:

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def bark(self):
        print("Woof woof!")

2. Create an object (or instance) of the class:

my_dog = Dog("Fido", 3)

In the example above, a class is a blueprint for creating objects (a particular data structure), providing initial values for state (member variables or attributes), and implementations of behaviour (member functions or methods). A class defines a new data type and it is a template that defines the properties and methods of the objects that are created from it. In the example, the class is Dog, it defines two attributes name and age and one method bark(). The Dog class is used to create objects of the class Dog, each object (or instance) of the class has its own copy of the attributes name and age and can use the method bark(). It also defines a class variable species which is shared among all objects of that class. An object is an instance of a class and it is created by calling the class as if it were a function, passing any required arguments, in the example my_dog = Dog("Fido", 3) creates an object my_dog of class Dog with the name "Fido" and age 3.

3. Access the properties of the object:

print(my_dog.name) # Output: "Fido"
print(my_dog.age) # Output: 3

4. Call the methods of the object:

my_dog.bark() # Output: "Woof woof!"

In this example, the class Dog has two properties: name and age. It also has a method bark(), which simply prints "Woof woof!". The __init__ method is a special method that is called when an object is created, and it is used to set the initial values of the object's properties.

The self parameter refers to the current object, and it is used to access the object's properties and methods. In the constructor method __init__, self.name = name and self.age = age set the initial value of the properties name and age to the values passed as arguments when creating an object.

You can also define class variables and methods. Class variables are shared among all objects of that class and class methods are methods that are called on the class rather than an instance.

class Dog:
    species = "Canidae"

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def bark(self):
        print("Woof woof!")
        
    @classmethod
    def get_species(cls):
        return cls.species

This is a basic introduction to object-oriented programming in Python. OOP is a powerful programming paradigm that allows you to create complex and modular programs. There are many other concepts and features in OOP such as Inheritance, Polymorphism and Encapsulation, but this should give you a good starting point to dive deeper.